Cityscape

Boston skyline from the north side of the Charles River.

Culture

Quincy Market designed by Alexander Parris

Boston shares many cultural roots with greater New England, including a dialect of the non-rhotic Eastern New England accent known as Boston English, and a regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood, rum, salt, and dairy products. Irish Americans are a major influence on Boston’s politics and religious institutions. Boston also has its own collection of neologisms known as Boston slang.

Many consider Boston to have a strong sense of cultural identity, perhaps as a result of its intellectual reputation; much of Boston’s culture originates at its universities.^[71] The city has several ornate theatres, including the Cutler Majestic Theatre, Boston Opera House, Citi Performing Arts Center, and the Orpheum Theatre. Renowned performing arts organizations include the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Boston Ballet, Boston Pops, Celebrity Series of Boston, Boston Early Music Festival, Boston Lyric Opera Company, OperaBoston, Emmanuel Music, and the Handel and Haydn Society (one of the oldest choral companies in the United States).^[72] There are also many major annual events such as First Night, which occurs during New Year’s Eve, Italian summer feasts in the North End honoring Catholic saints, and several events during the Fourth of July. These events include the week-long Harborfest festivities^[73] and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the Charles River.^[74]

Symphony Hall designed by McKim, Mead, and White.

Because of the city’s prominent role in the American Revolution, several historic sites relating to that period are preserved as part of the Boston National Historical Park. Many are found along the Freedom Trail, which is marked by a red line or bricks embedded in the ground. The city is also home to several prominent art museums, including the Museum of Fine Arts and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. In December 2006 the Institute of Contemporary Art moved from its Back Bay location to a new contemporary building designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro located in the Seaport District. The University of Massachusetts campus at Columbia Point houses the John F. Kennedy Library. The Boston Athenaeum (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States),^[75] Boston Children’s Museum, Bull & Finch Pub (whose building is known from the television show Cheers), Museum of Science, and the New England Aquarium are within the city.

Boston is also one of the birthplaces of the hardcore punk genre of music. Boston musicians have contributed greatly to this music scene over the years (see also Boston hardcore scenes in the 1990s, led by bands such as ). Boston neighborhoods were home to one of the leading local third wave ska and ska punkThe Mighty Mighty Bosstones, The Allstonians, Skavoovie and the Epitones, and the Dropkick Murphys. The 1980s hardcore punk rock compilation This Is Boston, Not L.A. highlights some of the bands that built the genre. Several nightclubs, such as The Channel, Bunnratty’s in Allston, and The Rathskeller, were renowned for showcasing both local punk rock bands and those from farther afield. All of these clubs are now closed, and in many cases razed during recent gentrification.

Geography

See also: Neighborhoods in Boston, Massachusetts

A simulated-color satellite image of the Boston area taken on NASA’s Landsat 3

The headquarters of the Church of Christ, Scientist in the Back Bay are dominated by a reflecting pool. The tall buildings in the background are the Prudential Tower and 111 Huntington Avenue.

Owing to its early founding, Boston is very compact. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 89.6 square miles (232.1 km²)—48.4 square miles (125.4 km²) of it is land and 41.2 square miles (106.7 km²) (46.0%) of it is water. This compares with cities of comparable population such as Denver at 154.9 square miles (401 km²) and Charlotte, North Carolina at 280.5 square miles (726 km²). Of United States cities over 500,000 in population, only San Francisco is smaller in land area. Boston’s official elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport, is 19 feet (5.8 m) above sea level.^[24] The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 feet (101 m) above sea level, while the lowest point is at sea level.^[25]

Boston is surrounded by the “Greater Boston” region, and bordered by the cities and towns of Winthrop, Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Watertown, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, Milton, and Quincy.

Much of the Back Bay and South End neighborhoods are built on reclaimed land—all of the earth from two of Boston’s three original hills, the “trimount”, was used as landfill material. Only Beacon Hill, the smallest of the three original hills, remains partially intact; just half of its height was cut down for landfill. The downtown area and immediate surroundings consist mostly of low-rise brick or stone buildings, with many older buildings in the Federal style. Several of these buildings mix in with modern high-rises, notably in the Financial District, Government Center, the South Boston waterfront, and Back Bay, which includes many prominent landmarks such as the Boston Public Library, Christian Science Center, Copley Square, Newbury Street, and New England’s two tallest buildings: the John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center.^[26] Near the John Hancock Tower is the old John Hancock Building with its prominent weather forecast beacon—whatever light illuminates gives an indication of weather to come: “steady blue. clear view; flashing blue, clouds are due; steady red, rain ahead; flashing red, snow instead.” (In the summer, flashing red indicates instead that a Red Sox game has been rained out.) Smaller commercial areas are interspersed among single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. Currently, the South End Historic District remains the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the U.S.^[27]

Along with downtown, the geography of South Boston was particularly impacted by the Central Artery/Tunnel (CA/T) Project (or the “Big Dig”). The unstable reclaimed land in South Boston posed special problems for the project’s tunnels. In the downtown area, the CA/T Project allowed for the removal of the unsightly elevated Central Artery and the incorporation of new green spaces and open areas.

Boston Common, located near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the U.S.^[28] Along with the adjacent Boston Public Garden, it is part of the Emerald Necklace, a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted to encircle the city. Franklin Park, which is also part of the Emerald Necklace, is the city’s largest park and houses a zoo.^[29] Another major park is the Esplanade located along the banks of the Charles River. Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with the major parks and beaches located near Castle Island, in Charlestown and along the Dorchester, South Boston, and East Boston shorelines.

The Charles River separates Boston proper from Cambridge, Watertown, and the neighborhood of Charlestown. To the east lies Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston’s southern neighborhoods and the city of Quincy and the town of Milton. The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, while Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston proper.^[30]

History

Main article: History of Boston, Massachusetts

Boston in 1772.

Boston was founded on September 17, 1630 by Puritan colonists from England.^[7] The Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony are sometimes confused with the Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Colony ten years earlier in what is today Bristol County, Plymouth County, and Barnstable County, Massachusetts. The two groups are historically distinct and differed in religious practice. The separate colonies were not united until the formation of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691.

The Shawmut peninsula was connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus, and surrounded by the waters of Massachusetts Bay and the Back Bay, an estuary of the Charles River. Several prehistoric Native American archaeological sites excavated in the city have shown that the peninsula was inhabited as early as 5,000 BC.^[13] Boston’s early European settlers first called the area Trimountaine, but later renamed the town after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, from which several prominent colonists had emigrated. Massachusetts Bay Colony’s original governor, John Winthrop, gave a famous sermon entitled “A Model of Christian Charity,” popularly known as the “City on a Hill” sermon, which captured the idea that Boston had a special covenant with God. (Winthrop also led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, which is regarded as a key founding document of the city.) Puritan ethics molded a stable and well-structured society in Boston. For example, shortly after Boston’s settlement, Puritans founded America’s first public school, Boston Latin School (1635),^[9] and America’s first college, Harvard College (1636). Boston was the largest town in British North America until the mid-1700s.^[14]

In the 1770s, British attempts to exert more stringent control on the thirteen colonies, primarily via taxation, prompted Bostonians to initiate the American Revolution.^[7] The Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, and several early battles occurred in or near the city, including the Battle of Lexington and Concord, Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. During this period, Paul Revere made his famous midnight ride.

View of Boston from Dorchester Heights, 1841.

After the Revolution, Boston had become one of the world’s wealthiest international trading ports due to the city’s consolidated seafaring tradition – exports included rum, fish, salt, and tobacco. During this era, descendants of old Boston families became regarded as the nation’s social and cultural elites; they were later dubbed the Boston Brahmins. In 1822, Boston was chartered as a city.^[15]

The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston’s harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston’s merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city’s economy and by the mid-1800s, the city’s industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 1900s, Boston remained one of the nation’s largest manufacturing centers, and was notable for its garment production and leather goods industries.^[8] A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region made for easy shipment of goods and allowed for a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads facilitated the region’s industry and commerce. From the mid- to late nineteenth century, Boston flourished culturally; it became renowned for its rarefied literary culture and lavish artistic patronage. It also became a center of the abolitionist movement.^[16] The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Law, which contributed to President Franklin Pierce’s attempt to make an example of Boston after the Burns Fugitive Slave Case.

Scollay Square in the 1880s

In the 1820s, Boston’s population began to swell and the city’s ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period. By 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston.^[17] In the latter half of the nineteenth century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settle in the city. By the end of the nineteenth century, Boston’s core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants – Italians inhabited the North End, the Irish dominated South Boston, and Russian Jews lived in the West End.

Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston’s largest religious community^[18] and since the early twentieth century the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics—prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O’Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald.

Trinity Church reflected in the façade of the John Hancock Tower.

Between 1630 and 1890, the city tripled its physical size by land reclamation, by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront,^[19] a process Walter Muir Whitehill called “cutting down the hills to fill the coves.” The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 1800s. Beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre (20 ha) mill pond that later became Haymarket Square. The present-day State House sits atop this shortened Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, West End, the Financial District and Chinatown. After The Great Boston Fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late nineteenth century, workers filled almost 600 acres (2.4 km²) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of the Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. In addition, the city annexed the adjacent towns of Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (1870), Brighton, West Roxbury (including present day Jamaica Plain, Roslindale and West Roxbury), and Charlestown. The last three towns were annexed in 1874.^[20]

The first community health center in the United States was the Columbia Point Health Center in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston. It was opened in December 1965 and served mostly the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it. It was founded by two medical doctors, Jack Geiger of Harvard University and Count Gibson of Tufts University. It is still in operation and was re-dedicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center.^[21]

The skyline of Boston’s Back Bay neighborhood, home to some of the city’s tallest skyscrapers, as seen from the Back Bay Fens. The Prudential Tower, John Hancock Tower, 111 Huntington Avenue, and the Christian Science Center are all visible; left to right.

By the early and mid-twentieth century, the city was in decline as factories became old and obsolete, and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere.^[7] Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA), which was established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated a project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition garnered vociferous public opposition to the new agency.^[22] BRA subsequently reevaluated its approach to urban renewal in its future projects, including the construction of Government Center. By the 1970s, the city’s economy boomed after thirty years of economic downturn. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women’s Hospital led the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as Harvard University, MIT, Boston University, Boston College and Northeastern University attracted students to the Boston area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s.

The Columbia Point housing projects, built in 1953 on the Dorchester peninsula, had gone through bad times until there were only 350 families living in it in 1988. It was run down and dangerous. In 1984, the city of Boston gave control of it to a private developer, Corcoran-Mullins-Jennison, who re-developed and re-vitalised the property into an attractive residential mixed-income community called Harbor Point Apartments which was opened in 1988 and completed by 1990. It is a very significant example of revitalisation and re-development and was the first federal housing project to be converted to private, mixed-income housing in the United States.

In the early twenty-first century the city has become an intellectual, technological, and political center. It has, however, experienced a loss of regional institutions,^[23] which included the acquisition of the Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. The city also had to tackle gentrification issues and rising living expenses, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s.

Boston, Massachusetts

“Boston” redirects here. For other uses, see Boston (disambiguation).

City of Boston
Flag	Seal

Boston (pronounced /ˈbɒstən/ (help·info)) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The city is located in Suffolk County, Massachusetts, in the northeastern United States.^[5] The largest city in New England, Boston is considered the economic and cultural center of the entire region.^[6] The city, which had an estimated population of 590,763 in 2006, lies at the center of the Cambridge–Boston-Quincy metropolitan area—the 10th-largest metropolitan area (5th largest CSA) in the U.S., with a population of 4.5 million.

In 1630, Puritan colonists from England founded the city on the Shawmut Peninsula.^[7] During the late eighteenth century Boston was the location of several major events during the American Revolution, including the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. Several early battles of the American Revolution, such as the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston, occurred within the city and surrounding areas. After American independence was attained Boston became a major shipping port and manufacturing center, and its rich history now attracts 16.3 million visitors annually.^[8][7] The city was the site of several firsts, including America’s first public school, Boston Latin School (1635),^[9] and first college, Harvard College (1636), in neighboring Cambridge. Boston was also home to the first subway system in the United States.^[10]

Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the peninsula. With many colleges and universities within the city and surrounding area, Boston is a center of higher education^[11] and a center for medicine. The city’s economy is also based on research, finance, and technology – principally biotechnology. Boston has been experiencing gentrification and has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, though remains high on world livability rankings.^[12]

I cannot begin to understand how a DOC employee can be placed on paid admistration leave after writing discrimatory comments about the MBTA’s general manager. Talk about a waste of Tax Payers money!
I also do not understand how the MBTA GM can expect the DOC employee to be fired when under the MBTA GM’s watch there is much discrimination that goes on at the MBTA.
As we speak many CSA’s whom use to be Collectors are being forced to stay out of their booths and stand in inclimate weather conditions. Majority of them are disabled.Most have trouble standing for long periods of time.Many assualts have occurred by passengers and there is no back up.

They are not allowed to be promoted in other departments.There schedules are inhumane as well. Forcing them to work 12 plus hour days. Every season the schedules are constantly changing and the constant threat of “Big Brother” watching us.
It’s different when you become a victim! They have attempted to isolate us.

Do John McCain’s Advisors “Think He’s a Lightweight?”

Yesterday, Jon wrote a post entitled, “McCain’s Advisors Think He’s a Lightweight.” As evidence, he cited yesterday’s New York Times story on McCain’s foreign policy team, allegedly at war with itself with

07 fire inquiry stuck in neutral

Panel not viewing autopsy reports; Department may seek outside help

Four months ago Boston Fire Commissioner Roderick Fraser demanded that a department board reopen its investigation and examine autopsy reports of two firefighters who died last year in a restaurant fire. The result since then: nothing.

The 10-member Board of Inquiry, composed entirely of members of the Firefighters’ Union, has not examined autopsy reports that indicated that Firefighter Warren J. Payne had cocaine in his system and that Firefighter Paul J. Cahill had a blood-alcohol level of 0.27, more than three times the legal limit to drive in Massachusetts.

Board members have not asked the Suffolk district attorney or the state medical examiner for copies of the reports. They have not even met to discuss getting them.

District Attorney Daniel F. Conley’s office said Conley has tried without success to provide the board with the reports, at one point leaving copies in an envelope at the front desk of his downtown office, where they sat for days before one of Conley’s employees retrieved them and put them back in prosecutors’ files.

“Efforts to provide the autopsy reports to department personnel were met with silence,” Conley spokesman Jake Wark said.

Frustrated, Fraser said he is considering launching a new, outside review that would include a thorough examination of autopsy results and whether chemical impairment played a role in the firefighters’ deaths.

After fielding Globe inquiries last week about the status of the probe, Fraser began contacting outside medical specialists and forensic toxicologists to ask if they would review the case independently.

Members of the Board of Inquiry - made up of six fire chiefs, three lieutenants, and a firefighter - could not be reached for comment, according to department spokesman Steve MacDonald. Boards of inquiry are convened anytime firefighters die in the line of duty; they are supposed to ensure complete and thorough investigations and help reduce risk of injury and death in the future.

The commissioner said he spoke with the head of the Board of Inquiry, Deputy Chief Stephen K. Dunbar, who told him yesterday that he had decided that the board should not review autopsy reports or take any other action regarding toxicology, because making a determination about impairment is “outside their area of expertise.”

A finding that impairment contributed to the firefighters’ deaths would probably increase pressure on firefighter union officials to allow provisions for mandatory drug and alcohol testing in their contract.

It could also provide an impetus for legislation pending on Beacon Hill that would require random testing of all public safety officials in the Commonwealth.

Impairment questions are also certain to become a major element in lawsuits filed by the firefighters’ family members against the restaurant owner, building owner, and cleaning company.

Lawyers for the firefighters’ family members did not return calls yesterday seeking comment. Cheryl Payne, former wife of Warren Payne, did not respond to a telephone message. Anne Cahill, wife of Paul Cahill, declined to comment.

Page 2 of 2 –Media reports about Payne and Cahill’s autopsy results, which were described to the Globe in October by two government officials briefed on them, touched off public demands for change in the Fire Department and prompted Mayor Thomas M. Menino to launch an outside review of department management and substance abuse policies.

The review recommended that the city implement random drug and alcohol testing of firefighters, a move that has since become the central sticking point in contract negotiations between City Hall and the Firefighters’ Union. Under current policy, the department tests firefighters for drugs and alcohol only before they are hired, during their first year of employment, or after they display visible signs of impairment on the job.

The union, which has been without a contract since July 2006, has refused to accept random testing without a significant boost to pay or benefits. The testing battle has become heated with the mayor calling the union’s position astounding during his State of the City speech in January, and with the union accusing City Hall of mounting a smear campaign.

The Board of Inquiry, convened by the fire commissioner immediately after the fatal fire on Aug. 29, issued its findings in February. It concluded that drug or alcohol impairment did not play a role in the deaths, though the board had not reviewed medical evidence and said without explanation that the autopsy results were unavailable.

At the time, the commissioner called the findings indefensible. He told the board to reconvene and review the autopsy reports before concluding its investigation.

The commissioner said the initial investigation did not adhere to department regulations, which mandate that firefighter death investigations follow guidelines issued by the International Association of Fire Chiefs. Those guidelines say autopsy reports, including toxicology test results, should be “incorporated into the investigation report.”

The board’s report also left too many unanswered questions about the firefighters’ potential impairment, Fraser has said.

The report concluded that Payne died in a massive fireball in the dining room of the Tai Ho Mandarin and Cantonese restaurant, while Cahill died of smoke inhalation in the restaurant’s kitchen. Cahill was not wearing his face mask, which was found on a table in the dining room, or his radio, which was left behind at the fire station. Two other firefighters safely escaped the burning kitchen while Cahill tried to feel his way out along a hose that led him farther into the building.

Fraser said the board needed to explain whether being under the influence of alcohol could have contributed to Cahill’s disorientation and his decision not to wear his face mask.

Since the mayor launched the outside review of department management and substance abuse policies, the Fire Department has instituted a number of recommended improvements, Fraser said . In a progress report sent to the mayor last month, the commissioner said the department has instituted daily firehouse roll calls, at which chiefs are supposed to visibly inspect firefighters to make sure that they are “alert and free from the influences of drugs or alcohol,” that they are wearing the proper uniforms and have necessary safety equipment.

The commissioner also hired two nonunion deputies following a recommendation that the department increase the number of civilian managers to offset the influence of the Firefighters Union.

‘07 fire inquiry stuck in neutral

Panel not viewing autopsy reports; Department may seek outside help

Four months ago Boston Fire Commissioner Roderick Fraser demanded that a department board reopen its investigation and examine autopsy reports of two firefighters who died last year in a restaurant fire. The result since then: nothing.

The 10-member Board of Inquiry, composed entirely of members of the Firefighters’ Union, has not examined autopsy reports that indicated that Firefighter Warren J. Payne had cocaine in his system and that Firefighter Paul J. Cahill had a blood-alcohol level of 0.27, more than three times the legal limit to drive in Massachusetts.

Board members have not asked the Suffolk district attorney or the state medical examiner for copies of the reports. They have not even met to discuss getting them.

District Attorney Daniel F. Conley’s office said Conley has tried without success to provide the board with the reports, at one point leaving copies in an envelope at the front desk of his downtown office, where they sat for days before one of Conley’s employees retrieved them and put them back in prosecutors’ files.

“Efforts to provide the autopsy reports to department personnel were met with silence,” Conley spokesman Jake Wark said.

Frustrated, Fraser said he is considering launching a new, outside review that would include a thorough examination of autopsy results and whether chemical impairment played a role in the firefighters’ deaths.

After fielding Globe inquiries last week about the status of the probe, Fraser began contacting outside medical specialists and forensic toxicologists to ask if they would review the case independently.

Members of the Board of Inquiry - made up of six fire chiefs, three lieutenants, and a firefighter - could not be reached for comment, according to department spokesman Steve MacDonald. Boards of inquiry are convened anytime firefighters die in the line of duty; they are supposed to ensure complete and thorough investigations and help reduce risk of injury and death in the future.

The commissioner said he spoke with the head of the Board of Inquiry, Deputy Chief Stephen K. Dunbar, who told him yesterday that he had decided that the board should not review autopsy reports or take any other action regarding toxicology, because making a determination about impairment is “outside their area of expertise.”

A finding that impairment contributed to the firefighters’ deaths would probably increase pressure on firefighter union officials to allow provisions for mandatory drug and alcohol testing in their contract.

It could also provide an impetus for legislation pending on Beacon Hill that would require random testing of all public safety officials in the Commonwealth.

Impairment questions are also certain to become a major element in lawsuits filed by the firefighters’ family members against the restaurant owner, building owner, and cleaning company.

Lawyers for the firefighters’ family members did not return calls yesterday seeking comment. Cheryl Payne, former wife of Warren Payne, did not respond to a telephone message. Anne Cahill, wife of Paul Cahill, declined to comment.Continued…

Man admits robbing five banks

WHITE PLAINS, N.Y.—A 44-year-old man has admitted he stole nearly $25,000 in five bank robberies this year in New York, Pennsylvania and Connecticut.

Frank Surico of Poughkeepsie entered guilty pleas to six counts of bank robbery in Federal District Court in White Plains Tuesday.

The Connecticut bank heists included a January robbery in Brookfield and a February robbery in Danbury.

Surico was arrested by state troopers and Poughkeepsie police following a chase in Ulster County and across the Mid-Hudson Bridge into Poughkeepsie on March 4. Police say he had just robbed a bank in Matamoras, Pa.

Now he faces up to 20 years in federal prison when he’s sentenced in October.